2014/12/12

Password On Media #15

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- FIDO Alliance releases 1.0 specifications for passwordless authentication

My Comment:  Many people shout that the password is dead or should be killed dead. The password could be killed, however, only when there is an alternative to the password.  Something belonging to the password (PIN, passphrase, etc)and something dependent on the password (ID federations, 2/multi-factor, etc) cannot be the alternative to the password.  Neither can be something that has to be used together with the password (biometrics, auto-login, etc).  What could be killed is the text password, not the password.

FIDO is expected to make it sure that the vendors of biometric products operated together with passwords by OR/Disjunction (as against AND/Conjunction that is common for 2-factor authentication) should explicitly publicize that

(A)  The biometric product raises the convenience at the sacrifice of security when the user keeps using the same password.
 &
(B)  The biometric product could raise the convenience without sacrificing security when the user changed the password to a largely-harder-to-break password (with a footnote that the password should be remembered, not carried around on a memo and that the password should not be reused across other accounts.)

It should be noted that it is not possible to compare the strength of biometrics with that of passwords.  There are no objective data about the overall vulnerability of biometric solutions (not just false acceptance rate when false rejection is sufficiently low but also the risk of forgery of body features and the risk of use when the user is unconscious/sleep) and that of the passwords (not only that it may be as low as 10 bits or as high as 100 bits but also that it can be stolen and leaked.)
It will hopefully not take long before FIDO people will be aware that at the root of the password headache is the cognitive phenomena called “interference of memory”, by which we cannot firmly remember more than 5 text passwords on average.
What worries us is not the password, but the textual password. The textual memory is only a small part of what we remember. We could think of making use of the larger part of our memory that is less subject to interference of memory. More attention could be paid to the efforts of expanding the password system to include images, particularly KNOWN images, as well as conventional texts.
Most of the humans are thousands times better at dealing with image memories than text memories. The former dates back to hundreds of millions of years ago while the latter's history is less than a fraction of it.  I wonder what merits we have in confining ourselves in the narrow corridor of text memories when CPUs are fast enough, bandwidth broad enough, memory storage cheap enough, and cameras built in mobile devices.


2014/11/20

False Sense of Security

It is very worrying to see so many ICT people being indifferent to the difference between AND/conjunction and OR/disjunction when talking about “two factors used together”.

Biometrics can theoretically be operated together with passwords in two ways, 
(1) by AND/conjunction or (2) by OR/disjunction.  Biometric products operated by (1) are unknown.  The users of such products must have been notified that, when falsely rejected by the biometric sensors with the devices finally locked, they would have to see the devices reset.  It is the same with the biometrics operated without passwords altogether.

Biometric products like Apple's Touch ID are generally operated by (2) so that users can unlock the devices by passwords when falsely rejected by the biometric sensors.  This means that the overall vulnerability of the product is the sum of the vulnerability of biometrics (x) and that of a password (y).  The sum (x + y - xy) is necessarily larger than the vulnerability of a password (y), say, the devices with Touch ID and other biometric sensors are less secure than the devices protected only by the password.

What makes us nervous is the possibility of seeing such pictures that many of the consumers, who are trapped in the false sense of security, are piling up their assets and privacy in the cyber space while some of the criminal wolves, who are aware that those consumers are now less safe, are silently waiting for the pig to grow fat.


I would appreciate to hear different views, especially from the people who are professionally engaged in biometrics industries.

Password On Media #14

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.


- Thumbs Down on a Palm Recognition Experiment
"Biometric authentication seems all the rage now that Apple uses fingerprint ID in its mobile wallet, but the Bitcoin ATM provider RoboCoin has concluded that biometrics can be more of a hassle than a help."

My comment:  The issue of “hassle” is probably a very minor problem if compared with the false sense of security as discussed in the foregoing.


- Turkey halts biometric healthcare registration
“Turkey’s Council of State has ruled that biometric registration of patients must stop as it is unconstitutional.”

My comment:  It is interesting to hear that Turkey is preceding the privacy-nervous West.


- Malware’s new target: your password manager’s password
“Once the malware captures this master key, then they can use that master key to exercise complete control over the machine and any of the user’s online accounts,”

My comment:  What have long been anticipated are now happening as have been anticipated.  As I have repeatedly emphasized, password managers should be operated in a decentralized formation or should be considered mainly for low-security accounts.


- FBI Most Wanted Hacker Jeremy Hammond Used His Cat's Name for Password
“Hammond said he still isn't sure how federal authorities were able to get into his encryption program and gather evidence that ultimately sent him to prison, however, he said he wonders if his weak password may have been the culprit.”

My comment:  This report ironically reconfirmed that sufficiently strong passwords are the key for the safe deployment of cryptography.


- Farmers shut out of online services by new identity scheme
"I can’t remember the exact date that I moved to my current address in 1984! Is this all really necessary???"  

My comment:  This news may be giving us too plain a lesson that the shared secrets for identity proofing should be the ones that can be shared not just by machines but also by the very human users.


2014/10/20

Password On Media #13

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- Forgotten Passwords Cost Companies $200,000 a Year
“A recent survey of 2,000 people in the U.S. and the U.K. has found that companies lose over $420 in productivity per employee per year due to workers struggling with passwords -- for a 500-person company, that's a loss of more than $200,000 per year.”

My comment:  On top of the damages caused by forgotten passwords we could add the damages by broken and stolen passwords.


- Passage Replaces Your Passwords With Images
“From the users’ perspective, here is how it works when you end up on a site that uses Passage: you register with your email and then, instead of entering a password (twice), you hold up your image in front of your camera to register it”

My comment:  The title of the report first led me to wonder if another pictorial password is being reinvented, but it soon turned out to be possibly an alternative to biometric facial recognition.  Pattern matching of the images used in the video may well be much easier than that of faces because there are much more feature points.  A snag is that, although the objects to be used as images to be photographed may not be as publicly exposed as our faces, those image objects can be left behind or lost a bit more easily than our faces. 


- What the cybersecurity executive order means for authentication
“The focus of the announcement was on the move to EMV and the more secure chip and PIN technology. “-

My comment:  "Chip & PIN" is no doubt better than "Chip Only" or "PIN Only", but obviously not as good as “Chip & Strongest Password”.

Using a strong password does help a lot even against the attack of cracking the stolen hashed passwords back to the original passwords. The problem is that few of us can firmly remember many such strong passwords.  We cannot run as fast and far as horses however strongly urged we may be. We are not built like horses.  At the root of the password headache is the cognitive phenomena called “interference of memory”, by which we cannot firmly remember more than 5 text passwords on average. What worries us is not the password, but the textual password.

Multi-factor authentications are also referred to in the article.  Security could certainly be raised by putting a 2nd factor, a 3rd and so on.  But the piling up inconveniences thus caused could in turn drive users away and ruin the whole scheme altogether.


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About Me

About Expanded Password System "Mnemonic Guard"
http://mneme.blog.eonet.jp/default/files/outline_of_mnemonic_security.pdf

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2014/10/15

Password On Media #12

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- LG UPlus Applies Graphical Authentication to Its Online Payment Solution
“As for users, to be authenticated, they should be able to combine the pre-selected four graphic images in a row. If the graphic images cannot be identified in a constantly changing image, then the site is considered as an abnormal or fake one so the users can completely keep it at bay from phishing or pharming.”

My comment:  I am reminded of the first generation prototype of Mnemonic Guard that we developed 14 years ago. 

Incidentally, moving pictures around will certainly irritate criminals but it does not help increase the security entropy or the mathematical strength.  Turning characters into pictures might help to discourage phishing and pharming, but it would obviously be an overstatement to claim that it alone “can completely keep it at bay from phishing or pharming.”

Anyway, all the people who see some values in pictorial passwords are all welcomed as our friends.


- WORLD-CHANGING IDEAS| The secret to staying safe online
“OK, I’ve done all that. Am I finally safe? Sadly, probably not. But you’ve certainly made life more difficult for hackers. And there’s one final trick you can use to add an extra layer of security. Many email and cloud services now offer two-factor authentication.”

My comment:  2 is larger than 1 on paper, but a toughened guy may easily beat two weak boys in the real world.  Physical tokens and phones are easily lost, stolen and abused. Then the password would be the last resort.  It should be strongly emphasized that a truly reliable 2-factor solution requires the use of the most reliable password. 


- Obama's Cyber Czar Wants to Replace Passwords With Selfies
“Devices could scan faces and give access only to the right people”
- Selfies could one day replace passwords
『Michael Daniel, White House cybersecurity coordinator is ready to skim past the fingerprint scanner system that exists on the newest smartphones and consider the security selfie. “Frankly, I would love to kill the password dead as a primary security method, because it’s terrible,” he said during a recent discussion hosted by America’s Center for National Policy. “You could use the cameras on cell phones, which are now ubiquitous, so the selfies are used for something besides posting on Facebook,” he added. It’s an interesting idea, although you’d need to reset all your passwords if you’d had a facelift. But it could mean that one day we’ll all be doing duckface pouts at our phones just in order to unlock them and send a text.』

My comment:  It is nice for the cyber czar to have noticed that mobile devices come with cameras.

However, neither fingerprints nor selfies sound attractive.  Biometrics like fingerprints and face recognition operated together with a password by OR/disjunction (as in the case of Apple’s Touch ID) would lower the security than when only a password is used.  As for selfies, how would it be possible to use the selfies as an alternative to the password (shared secrets) when our faces are very often exposed with our identity on the network?


- Revealed: Super- Safe Online Password System
“Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University asked subjects to memorise four person-action-object stories by choosing a random famous person from a drop-down list and being given random action-object pairs”

My comment:  This may appear similar to our approach in that it involves “selection of objects”, but is not similar at all to ours in that this can well be subject to the strong interference of memory and it does not produce the level of entropy required to stand the persistent attacks.


- The real risk of using password managers
“A July review by University of California at Berkeley researchers found that the five popular password managers tested all had critical vulnerabilities, and in four of the five an attacker would be able steal arbitrary credentials, at the time..”

My comment:  This news might hopefully help undo the hype about password managers.

ID federations (single-sign-on services and password managers) create a single point of failure, not unlike putting all the eggs in a basket.  It remembers all my passwords when un-hacked and loses all my passwords to criminals when hacked.  It should be operated in a decentralized formation or should be considered mainly for low-security accounts, not for high-security business  


- Fort Knox Digital Introduces Guardog: Four-Factor Authentication for Ultimate Internet Transaction and Communication Security
“a four-factor authentication process resulting in the most comprehensive transaction and communications security available”

My comment:  2> 1.  Then the natural landing spot would be 3 > 2, 4 > 3 and N+1 > N.

Whether or not the security thus obtained can justify the convenience thus sacrificed may well depend on where it is used.

2014/09/08

Password On Media #11

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- Apple opens Touch ID to third-party applications with iOS 8
“iPhone security and convenience have both been greatly enhanced by Apple's iOS 8, giving third-party developers the ability for the first time to utilize the secure Touch ID fingerprint sensor.”

My comment:  I am really surprised to see so many people being indifferent to the difference between AND/conjunction and OR/disjunction when talking about "using 2-factors together". I would like to talk a bit more about it.

Biometrics can theoretically be operated together with passwords in two ways, (1) by AND/conjunctiion or (2) by OR/disjunction.

I would appreciate to hear if someone knows of a biometric product operated by (1). The users must have been notified that, when falsely rejected with the device finally locked, they would have to see the device get reset.

Like other biometric products, Apple's iPhones are operated by (2) so that users can unlock the phones by passwords when falsely rejected, which means that the overall vulnerability is the sum of the vulnerability of biometrics and the vulnerability of a password. It is necessarily larger than the vulnerability of a password.

As for an additional vulnerability unique to biometrics, we could refer to

Needless to say, so-called 2-factor systems with a password remembered as the first factor and something possessed as the second factor are generally operated by (1), providing raised security at the sacrifice of lowered convenience.



- A List of 5 Million 'Gmail Passwords' Leaked, But There's No Need to Panic
“the issue is always the same: password reuse” “Password managers can help you keep track of your accounts.”

My comment:  The password managers create a single point of failure, not unlike putting all the eggs in a basket.  It loses all the managed passwords to criminals when hacked.  It should be emphasized that the password managers should be operated in a decentralized formation or should be considered mainly for low-security accounts, not for high-security business, and also that the strength of the master-password is crucially important.


- Use multi-factor authentication, urges CIA veteran
““If people want to be secure, they should be using some sort of multi-factor authentication. (Also) creating strong passwords and making sure you don’t use the same password for your Facebook account as you do for your bank accounts. If consumers do that, I don’t find the consumers to be at fault when problems occur,” Mr Flores said.”

My comment:  The two-factor authentication could be relied upon when it comes with a reliable password.

2 is larger than 1 on paper, but two boys in the real world may well be weaker than a toughened guy.  Physical tokens and phones are easily lost, stolen and abused. Then the password would be the last resort.  It should be strongly emphasized that a truly reliable 2-factor solution requires the use of the most reliable password. 

A sufficiently strong password does help a lot against the attack of cracking the stolen hashed passwords back to the original passwords. Such a high-entropy password alone could well be more effective than the combination of a weak password and a vulnerable second factor.

It would be easily possible to safely manage many of such high-entropy passwords with the Expanded Password System that handles images as well as characters.  Each image/character is identified by the image identifier data which can be any long.  Assume that your password is “ABC123” and that those characters are identified as X4s&, eI0w, and so on.  When you input ABC123, the authentication data that the server receives is not the easy-to-break “ABC123”, but something like “X4s&eIwdoex7RVb%9Ub3mJvk”, which might be automatically altered periodically or at each access if required. 

When such high-entropy data are hashed, it would be next to impossible to quickly crack the hashed data back to the original password.  Give different sets of identifier data to “ABC123” and the different servers will receive all different high-entropy authentication data.

Brute-force attacking of “ABC123” and other similarly silly passwords would perhaps take less than a few seconds with dictionary and automatic attack programs but it could be an exhausting job when criminals have to manually touch/click on the display with their fingers.  The outcome would be the 2/multi-factor authentication systems that, though not a silver bullet, are significantly more reliable than the conventional ones even when textual passwords are used.


2014/08/21

Password On Media #10

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- Has the flawed password system finally had its day?
“One low-cost option, according to Dr Ant Allan, an authentication expert at Gartner Research, could be biometrics, making use of the microphones, cameras and web cams most computers and mobiles devices are equipped with.” (1)
“while biometrics may not be as secure as long random passwords, they are probably more secure than the simple, easy-to-remember passwords that many people use.” (2)

My comment:  It is a great pity to see such globally reputed media spread insufficient information and the false sense of security.

(1) Biometrics, whether static or behavioral or electromagnetic, cannot be claimed to be an alternative to passwords UNTIL it stops relying on a password for self-rescue against the false rejection altogether while retaining the near-zero false acceptance in the real outdoor environment.  A dog which depends on a man cannot be an alternative to the man.

(2) I wonder how many people are aware that biometrics operated with a password in the OR/disjunction way (as in the case of iPhone) offers a lower security than when only the password is used.  For its overall vulnerability is the sum of that of the biometrics and that of the password.  Media should let this fact known to the public lest consumers should be misguided,


- Why Your Passwords Should be at Least 24 Characters Long
“We recommend a 24-character or more password. Sounds crazy, but here are some examples to decrease the stress of it all: HarleyDavidsonStarbucks!!!, FireEarthWindWater4Life!#!. Long passwords with a combination of uppercase and special characters increases possible combinations exponentially, therefore taking a super computer upwards to 40 years to run all possible combinations.”

My comment:  Another case of reputed media spreading nonsensical argument. 

It may be somehow possible to remember one or two of such long passwords.  However, we are everyday being told that we should not reuse the same password across many accounts and therefore we need the solutions that enable us to manage dozens of accounts, not just one or two, without excessively depending ID federations like SSO and password managers which involve the single point of failure.



- Unlock your smartphone with a digital tattoo

My comment:  Auto (unconscious)-Authentication is what we cannot achieve with the passwords but we can so easily achieve with the likes of electronic tattoos and hypodermic microchips.

We know that the function of having someone else login to our phone/tablet/PC on our behalf while we are unconscious is already realized by biometrics as shown in

But with the likes of electronic tattoos and hypodermic or swallowed microchips, we can expect the third persons to login to our accounts on our behalf a bit more gently and silently.  The third persons would not have to behave very carefully not to wake us up.  All that they have to do is just placing our PC/tablet/phone in the vicinity of our unconscious bodies.  Then they would have a freehand over our accounts on our behalf.

For some people for whom convenience is the top priority for identity authentication, this might mean that the passwords have the fatal drawbacks.  I am, however, of the view that this tells us how critical it is to involve the confirmation of the users’ volition to make the login, except for the lowest-security accounts.


- In 2015, it won’t matter if hackers steal your password
New technologies could replace passwords next year
“By 2015, a large portion of Internet users will say goodbye to the old-school username and password in favor of methods such as biometrics and one-time secure keys, especially after the big players in the group begin to adopt the new standards, says FIDO Alliance president and co-founder Michael Barret”

My comment:  They could claim to be able to kill the password only when they have an alternative to the password:  Something belonging to the password and something dependent on the password cannot be the alternative.  Neither can be something that has to be used together with the password.

The same applies to
- Seven ways DARPA is trying to kill the password


2014/07/27

Password On Media #9

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- Russian Gang Amasses Over a Billion Internet Passwords
“A Russian crime ring has amassed the largest known collection of stolen Internet credentials, including 1.2 billion user name and password combinations and more than 500 million email addresses, security researchers say.”

My comment:  We do not have to panic. It will be possible to put such situations under control. 

The Expanded Password System that we advocate handles a “character” as an “image”.  Each character/image is identified by the image identifier data which can be any long.  Assume that your password is easy-to-remember but easy-to-crack, for instance, “ABC123” and that those characters are identified as X4s&, eI0w, and so on by the randomizing program.  When you input ABC123, the authentication data that the server receives is not “ABC123”, but something like “X4s&eIwdoex7RVb%9Ub3mJvk”, which may automatically change periodically or at each access.  When such very-high-entropy data are hashed, it would be next to impossible to quickly crack the hashed data back to the original password.  Give different sets of identifier data to “ABC123” and the different servers will receive all different very-high-entropy authentication data. 

Brute force attacks and rainbow-table attacks are effective for low-entropy data, not for very-high-entropy data.  Even if the hashed passwords were stolen, we could stay calm when we know that criminals would have to give up.  There exists such a sweeping solution.  We do not have to panic.

The Expanded Password System, which enables us to make use of autobiographic image memory that is the least subject to the cognitive phenomenon named “interference of memory”, also helps enhance the precious text passwords that we have somehow memorized.

Incidentally, password managers may help for low-security services but should not be recommended for high-security services because of the single point of failure they necessarily involve.  Biometric solutions are not an alternative to the password so long as they rely on a password for self-rescue against false rejection while retaining the near-zero false acceptance in the real world.  Multi-factor solutions are an expanded use of the passwords, not an alternative to the password, when one of the factors is the password.  The alternative to text passwords should and can be found from among what we remember.


- How to Solve the Password Problem: Teach Kids When They're Young

My comment:  We cannot remember more than 5 text passwords on average, not because we are silly, lazy or uneducated, but because our memory of text passwords get too heavily influenced by the “interference of memory”  We cannot run as fast as horses, not because we are silly, lazy or uneducated.


- Poor password management leaves service accounts open to attack
“The latest study has revealed that professionals don’t practice what they preach when it comes to passwords”

My comment:  What I have long suspected is now confirmed.


- Password manager remembers all your passwords

My comment:  Password manager remember all my passwords and loses all my passwords to criminals as soon as hacked.


*************************************************************************************
About Me

About Expanded Password System "Mnemonic Guard"
http://mneme.blog.eonet.jp/default/files/outline_of_mnemonic_security.pdf

*************************************************************************************


2014/07/15

Password On Media #8

Below are some of the latest media articles about password problems and my comments on them.

- Popular password protection programs p0wnable
“LastPass, RoboForm, My1Login, PasswordBox and NeedMyPassword all flawed”

My comment:  The maxim is reminded that we should not put many eggs in a basket.  Password managers should be considered only for low-security applications.


- The way you type can be your new password!
“IBM's system monitors behaviour only after a person has logged in using their password. This can prevent a fraudster making transactions, pretending to be an authenticated user who has, for example, gone to make coffee without logging out. When behaviours are detected that are out of character, the software will ask them to log in again with some extra security questions”

My comment:  IBM is wise to be using the biometric solution for complementing a password, not claiming it to be an alternative to the password.  Incidentally, the title of this article is simply a hype. 

The same also applies to other behavioral biometrics such as heartbeat monitoring.


- How to use speech for your dual-authentication login - Two-factor authentication soon required for access to criminal information databases
“Biometric authentication tokens have a big advantage over RFID chips, NFC transponders, card keys, or flash drives: you can’t lose them. You can misplace or have stolen any piece of hardware your agency gives you to access your computer, but you’ll always have your face or your voice with you.”

My comment:  Biometrics could be one of the multiple factors if the biometrics stopped relying on a self-rescue password or backup password in case of false rejection while retaining the near-zero false acceptance.


- How a password changed one man's life for the better
“Forgive@her, Quit@smoking4ever, Save4trip@thailand”

My comment:  There may be therapeutic effects.  But those ideas may well have been or will soon be incorporated in the attackers’ dictionaries. Better than the likes of abcd1234 and asdf;lkj, though.



- Despite Privacy Concerns, It's Time to Kill the Password
“It(NSTIC)’s designed to protect internet users by providing authentication far stronger than can be accomplished by passwords alone.”

My comment:  If you use something (probably PKI-based physical tokens) in addition to a password, would it mean that the password has been killed dead?  Then, when a man is assisted by a dog, the man would have to be declared dead.


- Microsoft tells users to stop using strong passwords everywhere
“Weak passwords have their place, argues new research from Microsoft, and they help users conserve brainpower for where it is needed”
- Microsoft: 'You're better off reusing old passwords than creating new ones'

My comment:  I have no objection to the view that difficult-to-remember passwords and easy-to-remember passwords have the role to play of their own.  That is what I have long been practicing. 

However, at the top of the technology list should be “chip & the strongest password” rather than “chip & pin” (both are an expanded use of passwords not an alternative to the password), since PIN is a password (the weakest form of numerical passwords.)  Incidentally, "password" being replaced by "password & something" sounds really odd like "a man" replaced by "a man and his dog".




2014/07/11

On "Kill the password dead"

In an imaginary Czar-ruled world the first generation of automobiles were equipped with hand-brakes which had been used for horse coaches. As the engines got more powerful, the braking distances became longer and longer, causing more and more serious injuries.  It was rumoured that as much as 80% of the road injuries were caused by the hand-brake.  People dreaded going out. The Czar shouted "Kill the brake dead".

Many smart solutions were proposed in response.

- Improve the steering to avoid collisions.  We can do without the brake.

- Make the body robust to stand collisions.  We can do without the brake.

- Cover the driver with thick cushions.  We can do without the brake.

- Downhill?  Not use the autombiles.  We can do witout the brake.

Not only automobiles but also horse coaches disappeared from the roads because the brakes were declared to be killed dead.

In the real world, fortunately, there were people who said "It is not the brake but the hand-brake that bring us the headache.  What about the foot-brake?  What about hydraulic rather than wire?  What about power booster?".  Thanks to those people we now see so many automobiles on the roads.

2014/06/29

Password On Media #7

- White House cyber czar's goal: 'Kill the password dead'
“He cited studies showing as much as 80 percent of cyber intrusions — "some ridiculously high number," he said — are caused by exploiting weak or stolen passwords.”

My comment:  It is just obvious that more resources should be invested into the efforts of mitigating the issue of weak and stolen passwords.

In view of the facts that biometrics solutions depend on a password for self-rescue, one of the 2-factor authentications is a password and a PIN is a weakest form of password, to shout 'Kill the password dead' is one thing and to practice it is another.  When people become heavily
dependent on ID federations like Identity Ecosystem, using stronger passwords, if in fewer numbers, will be more crucial than ever in view of the single point of failure that ID federations necessarily create.

Before blaming the password, we should notice that the textual memory is only a small part of what we remember. We should make the best use of the whole memory of ours.

The same can apply to
- Heartbleed shows the need for password change automation


- Report: Soon Hackers May Topple Global Economy
“Within the next five to seven years, as much as $21 trillion in global economic-value creation depends on robust cyber security. This estimate is part of a report prepared by McKinsey & Company. To put that number in context, a report by Bain & Company estimates that GDP will swell to $90 trillion by 2020”

My comment:  With the two names of Israeli Homeland Security and McKinsey given, it is not easy to dismiss these figures as paranoiac. Mitigating the password predicament should make a huge contribution.


- Is Facelock the password alternative we’ve been waiting for?
http://theconversation.com/is-facelock-the-password-alternative-weve-been-waiting-for-28152
“Someone seeking to authenticate their identity is presented with a succession of pages, each containing nine faces of which one is a person well known to the subject. To prove identity, the face of the familiar person in each grid is clicked.”  “But there are downsides”

My comment:  There are certainly downsides in using human faces as the password in the ways of Facelock or Passfaces.  There are ways out.

1. It is nice to use face photos, but it is not wise to use only face photos, which would make the criminals’ jobs too easy.  Human faces are not the only images that humans do not forget.  We could think of using any KNOWN images of episodic/autobiographic memory which we can easily and distinctly recognize.

2. We do not have to limit to one the number of pictures to be picked up per page.  The more of the pictures we pick up, the higher the mathematical strength will be.  Permutations will certainly offer higher security than combinations, though the order of convenience is opposite.

3. We do not have to limit the size of matrix to 9 or so.  Our experience tells that it can be practicably expanded to picking up 8 out of 64 pictures per page when the 8 pictures are of our episodic/autobiographic memory.

4. We do not have to make it a rule to store both the pictures and the hashed verification data on the same server.  Storing the encrypted pictures on the user’s personal devices and storing the hashed verification data on the servers could be considered where appropriate.

5.  Using pictures as passwords was just unthinkable three decades ago, it was possible but still difficult a decade ago, but with digital cameras and related software pre-installed in smart-phones and personal devices, it is now just simple and easy as shown in the videos below.

Anyway, the cost of deployment is a dependent variable of the benefits of deployment.  Should it be relatively small as against the benefit, it could be promoted as in the cases of automobile/train against walking, telegram/telephone/fax/email against human messengers, all of which seemingly require a heavy cost of deployment, but it actually is very light as against the huge benefit of depoloyment.  What we need to look at is the scale of the benefits of using known pictures as well as text, with which we will be able to manage many more passwords easily by remembrance


- App prototype may be the end of passwords
“The development of the system (Facelock) is still in a prototype phase. The developers expect the photo password security tool to be available as an app within six months to a year.

My comment:  An expanded password system with which we use KNOWN pictures as well as texts has been around as commercial products for more than several years in Japan. 


- Facelock Could Replace Alphanumeric Website Passwords
“There’s apparently only one similar face-based password system currently on the market. The technology, created by Reston, Virginia–based Passfaces, assigns faces to you (as opposed to you picking them).”

My comment:  The writer is apparently unaware of why Passfaces did not succeed.  It is not because it used photos of faces but it forced users to remember UNKNOWN faces afresh and operate it in an insecure way.


- Should You Use a Password Manager?

“the most important thing to keep in mind regarding password managers is the master password that you use to secure this tool. Any password manager is only secure as your master password,"

My comment:  This is a nicely well-balanced article by quoting all of pros (who like the convenience), cons (who dislike the single point of failure) and those in the middle.


- Consumer Reports: Get Passwords Under Control
“One solution is using a password manager.”  “another option is to create easy-to-remember, hard-to-crack passwords yourself.”

My comment:  We should not forget convenience when thinking about security, and we should not forget  security when thinking about convenience.


- Passwords Still Pose Big Security Risks
“Many “advanced data stealing attacks” happen simply from poor password practices.”

My comment:  When told to drive nails, we would like to be given hammers.

The same applies to
On Your Side Alert: Make sure your email passwords are strong



- Take control of your password frustrations
“We are in the midst of an era I call the ‘tyranny of the password,’” “We’re due for a revolution.”

My comment:  I would like to say ‘tyranny of the text password’.  The textual memory is only a small part of our remembrance.


- 8 ways the password is dying
“Every single major platform Google promotes declared war on the password in some fashion.”

My comment:  I do not find any single point where I can agree because

1. Automatic Authentication is a form of ID federation, with which all accounts hinge on a single password.  That password is ever more important.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

2. When an Android phone sensed by Chromebooks via Bluetooth to automatically unlock your notebook is protected by a password, the password is involved in the protection of the whole configuration.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

3. Whether voice or fingerprints, biometrics are operated with a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection, especially in the outdoor environment.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

4. Electronic tattoos may be accepted for very low security application.  But would you allow the withdrawal of all your money simply because the electronic tattoo is there?   If complemented by a password, the password is not dying.

5. How can they assure that the pills will never be taken by somebody else?  If complemented by a password, the password is not dying.

6. The idea of moving beyond passwords holds vast appeal indeed. But dreaming of something that can displace what we remember altogether may well be dreaming of a new material that floats in the air and sinks in the water.  What we should think of is moving beyond ‘text passwords”.


- The way you type can be your new password!

“IBM's system monitors behaviour only after a person has logged in using their password. This can prevent a fraudster making transactions, pretending to be an authenticated user who has, for example, gone to make coffee without logging out. When behaviours are detected that are out of character, the software will ask them to log in again with some extra security questions”

My comment:  IBM is wise to use the biometric solution for complementing a password, not as an alternative to the password.  The title of this article is simply a hype. 

The same applies to the likes of heartbeat monitoring.

*********************************************************************************************

About Me

About Expanded Password System "Mnemonic Guard"

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2014/06/19

Password On Media #6

- Taylor-based company designs software eliminating need for passwords

“Unlike a password management system, nadaPASS is an application wherein a user either confirms or denies a login request from a separate application.”

My comment:  Whoever is now holding the device can make a login straightaway.  It is convenient indeed, for both the user and criminals.



- Govt pushes cybersecurity tips

“Mr. Ash says improving your cyber security is relatively easy.  "A secure password is a good place to start," he told TV ONE's Breakfast.  Mr. Ash recommends a password that has 12 or more symbols with a mix of lower and upper case letters and is not your pet's name.”

My comment:  Unfortunately remembering a password that has 12 or more symbols with a mix of lower and upper case letters and is not your pet's name for more than several accounts is never ‘relatively easy’ for most of us.


- Password pains

“i fear i am going to wake up one morning, totally blank, unable to recall that most vital of all words currently in the language — my password.”

My comment:  The fear could be minimized close to zero when your passwords are associated with your personal memories, particularly episodic/autobiographic image memories which you are sure are confidential only to you.  The textual memory is only a small part of what we remember.


- Some password strategies

“But there is a way to generate longer, complex passwords that you will actually remember. The secret is in using things that you already have long known and remember. In effect, use what you already know instead of creating something new to know.”

My comment:  Do not forget the other headache – to keep track of which password goes with which account.  What could we do about this when the numbers of accounts are more than several?


- Are You Suffering From Lazy Password Syndrome? Here Are 7 Ways To Fight It

“Fight the lazy password syndrome - it has to be done for your own benefit.”

My comment:  We cannot remember more than 5 text passwords on average.  It is not due our laziness or silliness, but due to the cognitive phenomenon called “interference of memory”, which is not impossible to mitigate.


- Software firm warns over ‘password change fatigue’

“there is now a worry that some users could be hit by “password change fatigue” with so many threats being reported in recent weeks”

My comment:  The fatigue could be mitigated if password managers are used wisely, say, in a much decentralized formation for different security levels and for various different segments, with a unique strong password for each of them. 


- How Biometrics Wins Against the Password

“Biometric Systems Have Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Passwords.”

My comment:  It might be possible to compare biometrics with passwords, but would it be possible to compare “biometrics operated with a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection” with “passwords”?  In other words would it make sense to compare “Horse or Men” with “Men”?


2014/06/15

Password On Media #5

- iOS 8 Update Will Pack Simpler App Login Thanks To Safari Password Sharing Feature
http://www.designntrend.com/articles/15384/20140613/ios-8-update-simpler-app-login-safari-password-sharing-feature.htm

“App logins and set-ups will be easier than ever before with the iOS 8 update, as Apple's new Continuity APIs have opened up the door for iOS apps to access usernames and passwords stored on Safari, 9to5Mac reports.”

My comment:  Convenient indeed!  And, this convenience could be easily shared by criminals when the password is not strong enough.


- Eureka! Sports site authenticates users sans the password hassle

“When done right, secret URLs could be suitable for protecting lower-value accounts.”

My comment:  It should be recommended only for the lowest-value accounts.


- Your Heartbeat May Soon Be Your Only Password

“In effect, the Nymi turns a person’s own heartbeat into a unique key that can be used to unlock any conceivable device.”

My comment:  I am afraid that those people are not paying enough attention to the nature of biometric data.  The near-zero false acceptance can be achieved only when we have to suffer a very high false rejection, which forces us to use a password for self-rescue.  The result would be the security lower than when only a password is used although a marginally better convenience could be enjoyed.


- Biometrics Institute claims biometrics better than passwords

“Implemented well, however, biometrics offer far greater security, privacy protection and user convenience than single factor password protection or two factor non biometric systems, BI claims.”

My comment:  I could agree that biometrics might be better than passwords if biometrics stopped relying on a password for self-rescue against false rejection altogether while retaining a sufficient level of false acceptance.


- The danger of passwords and PINs in online education

“Biometrics technology isn’t just a more effective way of monitoring online exams, but a cost-saving solution for colleges and universities. Traditional passwords could become a thing of the past.”

My comment:  When falsely rejected while trying the biometrics, you will rescue yourself by keying a password.  The password would thus become a thing of the past.  Is this what you are going to teach children?

2014/06/12

Password On Media #4

- Kevan Furbank on the torturous task of remembering ALL of our online passwords

“There is one saving grace. The torture we have endured on earth thanks to the tyranny of passwords will surely have earned us a place in heaven. St Peter will be there, ready to open the pearly gates and welcome us to paradise. All we'll need is our password...”

My comment:  The torture could well be largely mitigated when we realize that this is not the problem of “passwords”, but that of “text passwords” which is subject to the immense “interference of memory.”


- It’s official: Malicious hackers have crappy password hygiene, too

“Analysis uncovers short, predictable words, plaintext storage”

My comment:  It is probably because shrewd hackers also suffer the strong interference of memory when using text passwords.


- Exterminating the password

The writer shouts “The American public may not agree upon much in 2014 but one thing that people can get behind is an unadulterated disdain for passwords. They are either too numerous, too hard to remember or too easily stolen. Passwords pretty much suck.  ---  They are the cockroaches of the authentication and identity world, annoying, dirty and ever present.

My comment:  I could agree to some extent if alphanumeric passwords are concerned.  Textual memories, however, are only a small part of what we remember.


- For Better Security, Keep Password Policies Simple

“The solution for XL Group comes in the form of federated single sign-on for many of the company's systems.”

My comment:  Federated single-sign-on systems would certainly help if operated in a decentralized formation for different levels of security requirements for different segments with a very strong master-password for each of them.  Should it be operated in an excessively centralized formation with a fragile password as the master-password, the worst should be expected in view of the single point of failure that the ID federations necessarily create.  When planning the deployments, we should not forget the fact that humans cannot keep remembering more than 5 text passwords on average irrespective of whether for business use or for private use.


- Take a Peek: Biometric Security Offers Relief from Passwords

"It actually is equal to a 50-character complicated password - which obviously no human would ever use or remember," said Chris Barnett, the EVP of Sales and Marketing for EyeVerify.

My comment:  It would be so if the biometrics were run without a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection.  When, however, a 4-digit PIN is used for the self-rescue, the overall security of the system is less than 4-digit numbers, not the 50-characters.  Should the biometrics be used without a rescue password altogether, the false rejection should be close to zero, which means the false acceptance must be very high, say, security would collapse.  How can we be relieved from passwords?

The same can be applied to the next article as well.
Best security is the user, not a password


○ D/Dataweb adds Kaje Picture Password to AXN Identity Platform

“After one year of testing and evaluation, ID/Dataweb has added the Kaje ™ “Picture Passwords for the Web” service by Bright Plaza, Inc., to its National Institute of Standards (NIST) NSTIC pilot program to test innovative solutions for a seamless, more secure online identity system for the web.”

My comment:  I am of the view that this is a kind of “pattern-memory” password rather than a picture password. Such patterns are still subject to the interference of memory, if not as bad as the alphanumeric.


- Report: Cybercrime and espionage costs $445 billion annually

“CSIS used several methods to arrive at a range of estimates, from $375 billion to as much as $575 billion.”

My comment:  I am very interested to know how much of that figure is related to the passwords broken and stolen.