2014/06/29

Password On Media #7

- White House cyber czar's goal: 'Kill the password dead'
“He cited studies showing as much as 80 percent of cyber intrusions — "some ridiculously high number," he said — are caused by exploiting weak or stolen passwords.”

My comment:  It is just obvious that more resources should be invested into the efforts of mitigating the issue of weak and stolen passwords.

In view of the facts that biometrics solutions depend on a password for self-rescue, one of the 2-factor authentications is a password and a PIN is a weakest form of password, to shout 'Kill the password dead' is one thing and to practice it is another.  When people become heavily
dependent on ID federations like Identity Ecosystem, using stronger passwords, if in fewer numbers, will be more crucial than ever in view of the single point of failure that ID federations necessarily create.

Before blaming the password, we should notice that the textual memory is only a small part of what we remember. We should make the best use of the whole memory of ours.

The same can apply to
- Heartbleed shows the need for password change automation


- Report: Soon Hackers May Topple Global Economy
“Within the next five to seven years, as much as $21 trillion in global economic-value creation depends on robust cyber security. This estimate is part of a report prepared by McKinsey & Company. To put that number in context, a report by Bain & Company estimates that GDP will swell to $90 trillion by 2020”

My comment:  With the two names of Israeli Homeland Security and McKinsey given, it is not easy to dismiss these figures as paranoiac. Mitigating the password predicament should make a huge contribution.


- Is Facelock the password alternative we’ve been waiting for?
http://theconversation.com/is-facelock-the-password-alternative-weve-been-waiting-for-28152
“Someone seeking to authenticate their identity is presented with a succession of pages, each containing nine faces of which one is a person well known to the subject. To prove identity, the face of the familiar person in each grid is clicked.”  “But there are downsides”

My comment:  There are certainly downsides in using human faces as the password in the ways of Facelock or Passfaces.  There are ways out.

1. It is nice to use face photos, but it is not wise to use only face photos, which would make the criminals’ jobs too easy.  Human faces are not the only images that humans do not forget.  We could think of using any KNOWN images of episodic/autobiographic memory which we can easily and distinctly recognize.

2. We do not have to limit to one the number of pictures to be picked up per page.  The more of the pictures we pick up, the higher the mathematical strength will be.  Permutations will certainly offer higher security than combinations, though the order of convenience is opposite.

3. We do not have to limit the size of matrix to 9 or so.  Our experience tells that it can be practicably expanded to picking up 8 out of 64 pictures per page when the 8 pictures are of our episodic/autobiographic memory.

4. We do not have to make it a rule to store both the pictures and the hashed verification data on the same server.  Storing the encrypted pictures on the user’s personal devices and storing the hashed verification data on the servers could be considered where appropriate.

5.  Using pictures as passwords was just unthinkable three decades ago, it was possible but still difficult a decade ago, but with digital cameras and related software pre-installed in smart-phones and personal devices, it is now just simple and easy as shown in the videos below.

Anyway, the cost of deployment is a dependent variable of the benefits of deployment.  Should it be relatively small as against the benefit, it could be promoted as in the cases of automobile/train against walking, telegram/telephone/fax/email against human messengers, all of which seemingly require a heavy cost of deployment, but it actually is very light as against the huge benefit of depoloyment.  What we need to look at is the scale of the benefits of using known pictures as well as text, with which we will be able to manage many more passwords easily by remembrance


- App prototype may be the end of passwords
“The development of the system (Facelock) is still in a prototype phase. The developers expect the photo password security tool to be available as an app within six months to a year.

My comment:  An expanded password system with which we use KNOWN pictures as well as texts has been around as commercial products for more than several years in Japan. 


- Facelock Could Replace Alphanumeric Website Passwords
“There’s apparently only one similar face-based password system currently on the market. The technology, created by Reston, Virginia–based Passfaces, assigns faces to you (as opposed to you picking them).”

My comment:  The writer is apparently unaware of why Passfaces did not succeed.  It is not because it used photos of faces but it forced users to remember UNKNOWN faces afresh and operate it in an insecure way.


- Should You Use a Password Manager?

“the most important thing to keep in mind regarding password managers is the master password that you use to secure this tool. Any password manager is only secure as your master password,"

My comment:  This is a nicely well-balanced article by quoting all of pros (who like the convenience), cons (who dislike the single point of failure) and those in the middle.


- Consumer Reports: Get Passwords Under Control
“One solution is using a password manager.”  “another option is to create easy-to-remember, hard-to-crack passwords yourself.”

My comment:  We should not forget convenience when thinking about security, and we should not forget  security when thinking about convenience.


- Passwords Still Pose Big Security Risks
“Many “advanced data stealing attacks” happen simply from poor password practices.”

My comment:  When told to drive nails, we would like to be given hammers.

The same applies to
On Your Side Alert: Make sure your email passwords are strong



- Take control of your password frustrations
“We are in the midst of an era I call the ‘tyranny of the password,’” “We’re due for a revolution.”

My comment:  I would like to say ‘tyranny of the text password’.  The textual memory is only a small part of our remembrance.


- 8 ways the password is dying
“Every single major platform Google promotes declared war on the password in some fashion.”

My comment:  I do not find any single point where I can agree because

1. Automatic Authentication is a form of ID federation, with which all accounts hinge on a single password.  That password is ever more important.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

2. When an Android phone sensed by Chromebooks via Bluetooth to automatically unlock your notebook is protected by a password, the password is involved in the protection of the whole configuration.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

3. Whether voice or fingerprints, biometrics are operated with a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection, especially in the outdoor environment.  How can the password be viewed as dying?

4. Electronic tattoos may be accepted for very low security application.  But would you allow the withdrawal of all your money simply because the electronic tattoo is there?   If complemented by a password, the password is not dying.

5. How can they assure that the pills will never be taken by somebody else?  If complemented by a password, the password is not dying.

6. The idea of moving beyond passwords holds vast appeal indeed. But dreaming of something that can displace what we remember altogether may well be dreaming of a new material that floats in the air and sinks in the water.  What we should think of is moving beyond ‘text passwords”.


- The way you type can be your new password!

“IBM's system monitors behaviour only after a person has logged in using their password. This can prevent a fraudster making transactions, pretending to be an authenticated user who has, for example, gone to make coffee without logging out. When behaviours are detected that are out of character, the software will ask them to log in again with some extra security questions”

My comment:  IBM is wise to use the biometric solution for complementing a password, not as an alternative to the password.  The title of this article is simply a hype. 

The same applies to the likes of heartbeat monitoring.

*********************************************************************************************

About Me

About Expanded Password System "Mnemonic Guard"

*********************************************************************************************




2014/06/19

Password On Media #6

- Taylor-based company designs software eliminating need for passwords

“Unlike a password management system, nadaPASS is an application wherein a user either confirms or denies a login request from a separate application.”

My comment:  Whoever is now holding the device can make a login straightaway.  It is convenient indeed, for both the user and criminals.



- Govt pushes cybersecurity tips

“Mr. Ash says improving your cyber security is relatively easy.  "A secure password is a good place to start," he told TV ONE's Breakfast.  Mr. Ash recommends a password that has 12 or more symbols with a mix of lower and upper case letters and is not your pet's name.”

My comment:  Unfortunately remembering a password that has 12 or more symbols with a mix of lower and upper case letters and is not your pet's name for more than several accounts is never ‘relatively easy’ for most of us.


- Password pains

“i fear i am going to wake up one morning, totally blank, unable to recall that most vital of all words currently in the language — my password.”

My comment:  The fear could be minimized close to zero when your passwords are associated with your personal memories, particularly episodic/autobiographic image memories which you are sure are confidential only to you.  The textual memory is only a small part of what we remember.


- Some password strategies

“But there is a way to generate longer, complex passwords that you will actually remember. The secret is in using things that you already have long known and remember. In effect, use what you already know instead of creating something new to know.”

My comment:  Do not forget the other headache – to keep track of which password goes with which account.  What could we do about this when the numbers of accounts are more than several?


- Are You Suffering From Lazy Password Syndrome? Here Are 7 Ways To Fight It

“Fight the lazy password syndrome - it has to be done for your own benefit.”

My comment:  We cannot remember more than 5 text passwords on average.  It is not due our laziness or silliness, but due to the cognitive phenomenon called “interference of memory”, which is not impossible to mitigate.


- Software firm warns over ‘password change fatigue’

“there is now a worry that some users could be hit by “password change fatigue” with so many threats being reported in recent weeks”

My comment:  The fatigue could be mitigated if password managers are used wisely, say, in a much decentralized formation for different security levels and for various different segments, with a unique strong password for each of them. 


- How Biometrics Wins Against the Password

“Biometric Systems Have Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Passwords.”

My comment:  It might be possible to compare biometrics with passwords, but would it be possible to compare “biometrics operated with a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection” with “passwords”?  In other words would it make sense to compare “Horse or Men” with “Men”?


2014/06/15

Password On Media #5

- iOS 8 Update Will Pack Simpler App Login Thanks To Safari Password Sharing Feature
http://www.designntrend.com/articles/15384/20140613/ios-8-update-simpler-app-login-safari-password-sharing-feature.htm

“App logins and set-ups will be easier than ever before with the iOS 8 update, as Apple's new Continuity APIs have opened up the door for iOS apps to access usernames and passwords stored on Safari, 9to5Mac reports.”

My comment:  Convenient indeed!  And, this convenience could be easily shared by criminals when the password is not strong enough.


- Eureka! Sports site authenticates users sans the password hassle

“When done right, secret URLs could be suitable for protecting lower-value accounts.”

My comment:  It should be recommended only for the lowest-value accounts.


- Your Heartbeat May Soon Be Your Only Password

“In effect, the Nymi turns a person’s own heartbeat into a unique key that can be used to unlock any conceivable device.”

My comment:  I am afraid that those people are not paying enough attention to the nature of biometric data.  The near-zero false acceptance can be achieved only when we have to suffer a very high false rejection, which forces us to use a password for self-rescue.  The result would be the security lower than when only a password is used although a marginally better convenience could be enjoyed.


- Biometrics Institute claims biometrics better than passwords

“Implemented well, however, biometrics offer far greater security, privacy protection and user convenience than single factor password protection or two factor non biometric systems, BI claims.”

My comment:  I could agree that biometrics might be better than passwords if biometrics stopped relying on a password for self-rescue against false rejection altogether while retaining a sufficient level of false acceptance.


- The danger of passwords and PINs in online education

“Biometrics technology isn’t just a more effective way of monitoring online exams, but a cost-saving solution for colleges and universities. Traditional passwords could become a thing of the past.”

My comment:  When falsely rejected while trying the biometrics, you will rescue yourself by keying a password.  The password would thus become a thing of the past.  Is this what you are going to teach children?

2014/06/12

Password On Media #4

- Kevan Furbank on the torturous task of remembering ALL of our online passwords

“There is one saving grace. The torture we have endured on earth thanks to the tyranny of passwords will surely have earned us a place in heaven. St Peter will be there, ready to open the pearly gates and welcome us to paradise. All we'll need is our password...”

My comment:  The torture could well be largely mitigated when we realize that this is not the problem of “passwords”, but that of “text passwords” which is subject to the immense “interference of memory.”


- It’s official: Malicious hackers have crappy password hygiene, too

“Analysis uncovers short, predictable words, plaintext storage”

My comment:  It is probably because shrewd hackers also suffer the strong interference of memory when using text passwords.


- Exterminating the password

The writer shouts “The American public may not agree upon much in 2014 but one thing that people can get behind is an unadulterated disdain for passwords. They are either too numerous, too hard to remember or too easily stolen. Passwords pretty much suck.  ---  They are the cockroaches of the authentication and identity world, annoying, dirty and ever present.

My comment:  I could agree to some extent if alphanumeric passwords are concerned.  Textual memories, however, are only a small part of what we remember.


- For Better Security, Keep Password Policies Simple

“The solution for XL Group comes in the form of federated single sign-on for many of the company's systems.”

My comment:  Federated single-sign-on systems would certainly help if operated in a decentralized formation for different levels of security requirements for different segments with a very strong master-password for each of them.  Should it be operated in an excessively centralized formation with a fragile password as the master-password, the worst should be expected in view of the single point of failure that the ID federations necessarily create.  When planning the deployments, we should not forget the fact that humans cannot keep remembering more than 5 text passwords on average irrespective of whether for business use or for private use.


- Take a Peek: Biometric Security Offers Relief from Passwords

"It actually is equal to a 50-character complicated password - which obviously no human would ever use or remember," said Chris Barnett, the EVP of Sales and Marketing for EyeVerify.

My comment:  It would be so if the biometrics were run without a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection.  When, however, a 4-digit PIN is used for the self-rescue, the overall security of the system is less than 4-digit numbers, not the 50-characters.  Should the biometrics be used without a rescue password altogether, the false rejection should be close to zero, which means the false acceptance must be very high, say, security would collapse.  How can we be relieved from passwords?

The same can be applied to the next article as well.
Best security is the user, not a password


○ D/Dataweb adds Kaje Picture Password to AXN Identity Platform

“After one year of testing and evaluation, ID/Dataweb has added the Kaje ™ “Picture Passwords for the Web” service by Bright Plaza, Inc., to its National Institute of Standards (NIST) NSTIC pilot program to test innovative solutions for a seamless, more secure online identity system for the web.”

My comment:  I am of the view that this is a kind of “pattern-memory” password rather than a picture password. Such patterns are still subject to the interference of memory, if not as bad as the alphanumeric.


- Report: Cybercrime and espionage costs $445 billion annually

“CSIS used several methods to arrive at a range of estimates, from $375 billion to as much as $575 billion.”

My comment:  I am very interested to know how much of that figure is related to the passwords broken and stolen.


2014/06/08

Password On Media #3

- Password troubles explode as hacking spreads


“Maybe we’ll soon have to try a nightly routine of brush teeth, floss, change password.”

My comment:  We might well have no choice but to practice it if we do not like to say goodbye to cyber life altogether.

Password managers could help if wisely used.  By ‘wisely’ I mean that we should use more than several password managers in a decentralized manner for different levels of security requirements for various segments with a strong unique master-password for each of them.  It is impracticable with text passwords, but easily practicable with the Expanded Password System with which we can use both texts and known pictures of episodic image memory.


- Let's say goodbye to passwords


The article starts with “My goal in conducting unofficial surveys of security analysts and executives is to determine what security solutions have been most detrimental to achieving a strong security posture. Lately there has been a clear standout: passwords”

My comment:  I can share the writer’s frustration.  However, it is not ‘passwords’ but ‘text passwords’ that is to be blamed or, more precisely, the fact that humans can remember only 5 text passwords on average due to the cognitive phenomenon called “interference of memory” that is particularly severe with numbers and alphabets.


- PayPal Wants to Ditch Password Authentication, Enable Mobile Payments via Apple's Touch ID


It reads “The company wants to use the iPhone's Touch ID technology to enable users to authentic mobile payments with the press of a finger—no more typing in passwords.”

My comment: When you are falsely rejected while trying Touch ID, you would certainly resort to keying in your password for self-rescue.  Would you still claim that you have ditched the password?  (You keep the second door open so that you can go through it when you are rejected by the first door.  Would you claim to have ditched the second door?)


- EBay breach again highlights need for secure passwords


The writer refers in a positive tone to the password managers with fingerprints.

My comment:  Password managers create a single point of failure. On top of it, biometrics are generally operated together with a password by OR/disjunction, not by AND/conjunction.  The security of such password managers with biometrics is necessarily weaker than the password-only password mangers.  Consumers would be paying extra money for obtaining a lower security although the better convenience could be enjoyed.


- Your online password is 123456? Good luck with that


2-factor authentications are recommended.

My comment:  2 is always larger than 1 on paper, but not necessarily in real life.  Two fragile boys may not be capable of coping with a toughened one.  For the 2-factor authentication to be truly effective, both of the two factors need to be reasonably strong.  The quality of the password should not be forgotten.


2014/06/05

Password On Media #2

- Here's what will replace the 'dying' password

Biometrics are touted as a candidate for displacing ‘dying’ and ‘silly’ passwords.

My comment:  Biometrics are dependent on a password for self-rescue, which is indispensable in case of false rejection (unless the threshold is so set as to see very high false acceptance).  Passwords could be labeled as ‘dying’ or ‘silly’ only by those people who have the means to eliminate the password altogether.


- Passwords no more? UAB researchers develop mechanisms that enable users to log in securely without passwords

The article talks about “Zero-interaction authentication” that reportedly enables a user to access a terminal, such as a laptop or a car, without interacting with the device, by which access is granted when the verifying system can detect the user’s security token.

My comment:  Those who were impressed by the zero-interaction authentication would find the following cartoon very amusing.

This relay-attack-proof approach would be fine if used together with a password, although it could be no longer called ‘zero-interaction’.


- Help for getting passwords under control

Password manager products are recommended, as if it were a silver bullet, in the article.

My comment:  The convenience of password managers is obtained by sacrificing the security.  Password managers or ID federations in general create a single point of failure that, once the master-password is broken or the software hacked, the outcome would be just disastrous.  It should be noted that password managers should be operated in a decentralized formation with a particularly strong password used as the master-password.


- Are squiggly lines the future of password security?

My comment:  This approach belongs to behavioral biometrics in that there is a trade-off between false rejection and false acceptance.  When a password is required for self-rescue in case of the false rejection, it would be difficult to call this the future of password security. 


- Strong Passwords: Motor Memory Passphrase

Recommended in the article is “motor generated string” that is a series of characters generated solely by repetition of a finger pattern.


My comment:  This concept, now exposed to criminals, may well have already been incorporated in the attackers’ dictionaries.


2014/06/03

On Assured Identity

“Assured Identity” hinges on “Shared Secrets” in cyberspace.  The text password has been the shared secrets for many decades.  Now its successor is wanted.

It is known that humans can firmly remember and correctly recall only 5 text passwords on average, whilst the number of services requiring password protection is now thought to be over 20 and ever increasing for most of us, with urges to change them more frequently in the aftermath of recurring password leakage incidents.  The passwords to be registered have to satisfy following requirements: 
- The password should be strong enough.
- The same password should not be reused across multiple accounts. 
- The memo on which passwords are written could be used indoor but should not be brought outdoor. 

It is possible to satisfy one of them. But it is not possible to satisfy all of them.  It is not what average humans can do. In response to this perplexing situation, biometrics, multi-factor solutions and ID federations (single-sign-on services & password management tools) are often advocated as an alternative to the password. 

If wisely operated all those solutions could certainly help alleviate the pains of difficult-to-manage passwords, either by the better convenience obtained by sacrificing the confidentiality (biometrics & ID federations) or by the enhanced confidentiality obtained by sacrificing the convenience (multi-factors).  But it would be inappropriate to call them an alternative to the password when biometric solutions are usually operated together with a password for self-rescue in case of false rejection, when one of the multi-factors is usually a password and when the ID federation usually needs the password called a master-password.  When a horse is dependent on a man, it is not possible for a horse to be an alternative to a man.  The password cannot die until there is a true alternative to it.

We can remember and recall only 5 text passwords on average, not due to our silliness or laziness, but due to the cognitive phenomenon called "Interference of Memory".  Memories of numbers and alphabets, which contain very limited information, are subject to the severe interference of memory which causes terrible confusions in what we remember, whereas the memories of images and pictures, particularly those of episodic/autobiographic memories that contain a great deal of information with emotional feeling, are not.  This indicates that we can easily manage passwords well beyond 5 or 10 when we make good use of the episodic image memories.  It could thus make the optimal alternative to the textual passwords when we make sure that confidentiality is not lost.

Our Expanded Password System “Mnemonic Guard” with which we can make use of episodic image memory in addition to textual memory can be viewed as an enhanced successor to text-only password systems on its own.  Furthermore, the Expanded Password System will enable us to see truly powerful multi-factor authentications with a strong unique password being used as one of the factors for all different accounts, whether indoor or outdoor.  

With the Expanded Password System used as a rescue-password in case of false rejection, biometric solutions will offer good convenience without sacrificing the confidentiality.  We would also be able to see truly reliable decentralized ID federations with a strong unique password being used as the master-password for each of single-sign-on services and password management tools.  The outcome will be the most highly assured identity achieved through the most reliable “shared secrets”

Given that all the other technology resources are available to all the IPV (Identity Proofing & Verification) service providers, it is the difference in the reliability of the shared secrets that decisively differentiates the level of assurance.  We are of the view that those who offer the Expanded Password System are more relevant to achieving the most reliable Assured Identity than those who offer only the conventional textual password systems.

Identity verification which has been represented by seals and handwritten signatures is not just one of the many factors for cyber security, but is the very foundation of the social infrastructure without which no social life can exist. This relation between the society and the identity verification will not change so long as humans live social lives.  Mnemonic Guard, pioneer of the Expanded Password System., can well be a legitimate successor to seals and handwritten signatures so long as humans need cyberspace.

Remark 1:  “Assured Identity”, “shared secrets” and “IPV” are defined in “Good Practice Guide No.45 Identity Proofing and Verification of an Individual” issued by UK Cabinet Office.

Remark 2:  The idea of using pictures for passwords is not new.  It has been around for more than two decades but the simple forms of pictorial passwords were not as useful as had been expected.  For the UNKNOWN pictures that we manage to remember afresh are still easy to forget or get confused, if not as badly as random alphanumeric characters.

Mnemonic Guard is new in that we make good use of KNOWN images that are associated with our episodic/autobiographic memory.  Since these pictures are the least subject to the interference of memory, it enables us to manage dozens of unique strong passwords without reusing the same password across many accounts or carrying around a memo with passwords on it.  Furthermore, we no longer need to manage to remember the relations betweens accounts and passwords because each account shows its own picture matrix.

The merits of Expanded Password System are closely discussed at

The outline of Mnemonic Guard is available at

The operation of Mnemonic Guard on a smart phone is posted at
              http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8kGNeIS2Lc


Password On Media

Below are some of the latest media articles over password issues and my comments on them.

I. Password breaches: End-user carnage is unspoken heartache


This article starts with “Hear the chorus: Digital life must evolve beyond passwords” and ends with “What additional steps do you think are needed to address or limit the password problem?

My comment: No disagreement about the oval situation.  This situation can well be called “Password Predicament”.


II.  Microsoft cybersecurity expert declares the password dead (Albuquerque Business First)


Multi-factor solutions with biometrics included are recommended in the article.

My comment: When biometrics are operated together with a password by AND/conjunction, it would theoretically raise the security but fatally damage the availability in practice because there would be no means for self-rescue when the user is falsely rejected in the outdoor environment where there is no manager who takes care of the falsely rejected user.  When operated by OR/disjunction, the convenience would be high but the security would necessarily be lower than when a “dead” password alone was used since the overall vulnerability is the sum of the vulnerability of a biometrics and that of a password.


III. OTP 101: The ins and outs of one-time passwords (SecureIDNews)


The advantage of onetime password is closely discussed in the article.

My comment: The conventional onetime password (OTP) proves the genuineness of the token that generates the OTP but does not tell anything about whether the said token is in the hand of the legitimate user or a criminal.  It will have to stay dependent on the “dead” password in practice for the latter purpose


IV. Your Favorite Website Is Probably Terrible At Passwords


Recommended in the article are
- Don't use extremely common passwords 
- Don't use the same passwords for multiple websites
- Don't use words you can find in a dictionary as pass phrases
- Make sure your passphrases are long, ideally over eight characters

My comment: The following should be added:

- When writing passwords on a memo, the memo could be held in a safe place indoor but should not be carried around outdoor where there is no such safe place.

- ID federations (single-sign-on services and password manager software) should be used in a decentralised formation in view of the single point of failure that it creates.

V. The Password Problem


A weak point of 2-factor solutions are highlighted that we can do nothing when we do not possess a phone or physical token.

My comment: A biometric combined with Mnemonic Guard for self-rescue against false rejection could help.

The author’s remark that “the only thing people seem to hate more than extra effort is actually shelling out dollars to protect something that hasn’t been violated yet” might be true for individual consumers, but should not be relevant to corporations.


VI. Could our behaviour be turned into a password?


Behavioral biometrics are touted as an alternative to the password in this news report.

My comment: The reporter appears to be unaware of the trade-off between false rejection and false acceptance.  If the threshold is so set as to bring down the false acceptance rate close to zero, the false rejection rate will necessarily jump up, which forces us to use a password for self-rescue.